中国植物质杀虫剂的研究(英语)

本文主要集中反映及讨论中国植物质杀虫剂近年主要的研究成果.内容包括:印楝、苦楝、川楝、黄杜鹃、毛鱼藤、非州山毛豆、紫背金盘及其它杀虫植物.还讨论了植物质杀虫剂的活性及在害虫防治上的应用.     

How mosquitoes fly to man

1. A model is presented to estimate the mosquito density and radius (r) of the attraction range of man as the bait.
2. Man walked to a spot in the woods and sampled mosquitoes flying to him with a net continuously. The arrival pattern was constant in each mosquito species, and in all species, the number of mosquitoes sampled per five min became constant after ten minutes sampling.
3. The mosquitoes gathered to man were composed of D: those waiting alight, I: those intruding the attraction range and F: those following man to the spot. They were estimated by means of continuous sampling sets and densities of D and I were calculated.
4. r s of female and male of A. albopictus and A. japonicus were 4.0, 5.6 and 9.0 m respectively. In these species, most individuals were D, although, in T. bambusa all individuals were I, flying to search for hosts.
5. How mosquitoes and hosts encounter, is discussed.

     

Population ecology of the gall-forming aphid,Aploneura lentisci (Pass.) in Israel

1. Aploneura lentisci (Passerini ) (Homoptera, Aphididae) forms kidney-shaped galls on the leaflets of its primary host, Pistacia lentiscus (Anacardiaceae). Observations on its population dynamics and ecology werecarried out in 1980–1985.
2. The galls are formed annually on newly-growing shoots of the same year. Each gall is founded by a single nymph and contains its parthenogenetic offspring. The infestation period (late March-early April) is short relative to the period of appearance of new shoots. The distribution of galls on the shoots is non-random (“clumped”). Early shoots emerging near pruning cuts, when the rest of the buds are still dormant, are often very heavily infested.
3. Clone size within galls increases from 1 in April to several hundred in September (at least 2 parthenogenetic generations). Alates of the last generation leave the galls gradually as they form. By the following March, previous-year galls contain no live aphids.
4. Population density of galls varied greatly among years. Possible causes of this variation are discussed.

     

南京中山植物园鸟类对香樟 果实（种子）的取食

香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)是亚热带地区广泛分布的常绿阔叶树种,其果实数量多、果期长,可为鸟类提供大量食物资源。2018年11月至2019年2月,借助Safari 10×26变焦双筒望远镜,采用焦点扫描法对南京中山植物园内访问香樟果实(种子)的鸟类行为进行观察,详细记录鸟类的种类、取食基质、取食次数、取食时间、取食数量和取食方式等信息。研究期间有效记录达48d,累计记录到27种鸟类1021次取食香樟果实(种子)行为,存在2种取食基质(地面和树上)和3种取食方式(整吞果实、啄食果肉和取食种子)。T检验显示,不同鸟类对香樟果实(种子)的取食次数存在显著差异(t=3.096,df=26,P 0.01);不同月份间鸟类对香樟香樟果实(种子)的平均访问只数、平均取食次数、平均取食时间和取食数量均存在极显著差异(P0.001)。白头鹎(Pycnonotussinensis)、乌鸫(Turdusmendarinus)和灰喜鹊(Cyanopicacyanus)是访问次数及取食量最多的3种鸟类。单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)表明,上述这3种鸟类的取食数量存在极显著差异(F3, 598=25.219,P 0.001)。按照时间统计,11月份访问的鸟类种类和数量最多,1月份鸟类的取食次数、时间和数量最多。鸟类的形态特征(体重、体长和嘴峰长)与取食数量呈显著正相关,其中,体重和体长对取食数量的影响比嘴峰长的影响更显著,但嘴峰长影响鸟类对果实的取食方式。在鸟类常活动和停歇的树木下方地面往往散落着较多表面洁净、无果肉包裹的香樟种子,且园内人工林和自然更新林地可见许多香樟幼苗,表明鸟类对香樟具有潜在传播作用。     

南京市栖霞区3～5岁儿童乳牙患龋现状调查及其影响因素分析

目的:调查南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋现状,并分析患龋的影响因素。方法:于2020年1月到2020年12月,采用整群随机抽样法,抽取南京市栖霞区8所幼儿园中符合3~5周岁年龄段的儿童。观察入选对象的乳牙患龋现状,对入选对象的照顾者进行问卷调查,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋的影响因素。结果:每所幼儿园抽取3、4、5岁儿童各42人,合计1008人。实际完成调查1000人,响应率99.21%,1000人中有573人乳牙患龋,患龋率为57.30%。不同性别、年龄的儿童其患龋率对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素分析结果显示,南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋与糖摄入频率、照顾者学历、家庭人均月收入、使用含氟牙膏情况、睡前进食、大人帮助下刷牙、每天刷牙次数、开始刷牙年龄、近半年有无口腔检查有关(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄>4岁、糖摄入频率≥2次/d、睡前进食、家庭人均月收入<2000元、照顾者学历初中及以下是南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋的危险因素,而开始刷牙年龄≤2岁、每天刷牙次数≥2次、使用含氟牙膏是南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论:南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋率较高,且受到年龄、糖摄入频率、睡前进食等多种因素影响,可考虑针对相关因素加强口腔健康教育和龋病预防控制工作。     

苏铁属植物叶表皮特征及其分类学和古生态学意义

苏铁属(Cycas)作为一类古老的裸子植物,经历了漫长的演化历史,因此,深入研究其形态特征与环境的相互关系,有望为古环境重建提供重要参考依据。本文分析西双版纳和深圳两地植物园栽培环境下27种苏铁属植物的叶表皮特征及气孔参数的差异,并进一步探讨气孔参数与系统发育的关系。结果表明:(1)苏铁属内叶表皮特征保守稳定,具有一定的分类学意义:依据表皮细胞及气孔器特征划分了四种叶表皮类型,可为苏铁现生植物或化石的鉴定提供参考。(2)四种叶表皮类型指示了不同的原生生境特征,对古环境具有一定的指示意义。(3)同一环境下,气孔参数在属内的种间差异显著,其次,气孔指数在属内变化与系统发育有关,除气孔指数具显著的系统发育信号外,其余气孔参数均无显著系统发育信号。本研究结果表明气孔参数法重建古大气CO2浓度时,需尽可能利用亲缘关系相近、叶表皮和生境皆相似的代理种,并明确气孔参数与大气CO2分压的相关关系在种间的异同,从而提高该方法的有效性。     

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency promotes atherosclerotic plaque instability through accelerating mitochondrial ROS-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell senescence

Previous evidence has indicated a beneficial role for aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in suppressing atherosclerotic plaque progression and instability. However, the underlying mechanism remains somewhat elusive. This study was designed to examine the effect of ALDH2 deficiency on high-cholesterol diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque progression and plaque vulnerability in atherosclerosis-prone ApoE knockout (ApoE^?/?) mice with a focus on foam cell formation in macrophages and senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Serum lipid profile, plaque progression, and plaque vulnerability were examined in ApoE^?/? and ALDH2/ApoE double knockout (ALDH2^?/?ApoE^?/?) mice after high-cholesterol diet intake for 8 weeks. ALDH2 deficiency increased the serum levels of triglycerides while it decreased levels of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Unexpectedly, ALDH2 deficiency reduced the plaque area by 58.9% and 37.5% in aorta and aortic sinus, respectively. Plaque instability was aggravated by ALDH2 deficiency along with the increased necrotic core size, decreased collagen content, thinner fibrous cap area, decreased VSMC content, and increased macrophage content. In atherosclerotic lesions, ALDH2 protein was located in both macrophages and VSMCs. Further results revealed downregulated ALDH2 expression in aorta of aged ApoE^?/? mice compared with young mice. However, in vitro study suggested that ALDH2 expression was upregulated in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with an opposite effect in VSMCs following 80 μg/ml oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) treatment. Interestingly, ALDH2 deficiency displayed little effect in oxLDL-induced foam cell formation from BMDMs, while ALDH2 knockdown by siRNA and ALDH2 overexpression by lentivirus infection promoted and retarded oxLDL-induced VSMC senescence, respectively. Mechanistically, ALDH2 mitigated oxLDL-induced overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) and activation of downstream p53/p21/p16 pathway. Clearance of mROS by mitoTEMPO significantly reversed the promotive effect of ALDH2 knockdown on VSMC senescence. Taken together, our data revealed that ALDH2 deficiency suppressed atherosclerotic plaque area while facilitating plaque instability possibly through accelerating mROS-mediated VSMC senescence.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Genetic and epigenetic regulation of aging and longevity edited by Jun Ren & Megan Yingmei Zhang.     

Old sleeping Sicilian beauty: seed germination in the palaeoendemic Petagnaea gussonei (Spreng.) Rauschert (Saniculoideae,Apiaceae)

Petagnaea gussonei (Apiaceae) is a perennial herbaceous species endemic to northeast Sicily (Nebrodi Mountains). It is considered a remnant of the Sicilian Tertiary flora, and is endangered according to the Red List. There is no information in the literature about the germinability of its seeds, even though seed production is know to occur. The aim of this study was to obtain data to better understand seed germination of this species and its biological implications. Thus, several approaches were employed: vitality analyses, gibberellic acid supply, germination and soil microbial flora analyses via end‐point and qPCR. The results suggest that seed germination occurs after ca. 1.5 years at a rate of ca. 11%. The seeds can be classified as physiologically dormant, and probably require prolonged cold stratification for germination. Because seed germination is low, it is likely that agamic reproduction represents an important mean for its conservation and survival. These results have important implications for P. gussonei survival and should be considered in possible re‐introduction attempts aimed at restoring threatened populations.     

假臭草等12种植物对白花鬼针草幼苗的化感作用

用具有化感作用或潜在抑草活性的12种植物的叶片水浸液对白花鬼针草(Bidens alba)幼苗进行处理,对其幼苗的生长 进行研究,以期筛选出对白花鬼针草生长有较强抑制作用的植物种类。结果表明,12种供体植物叶片水浸液(0.05 g DW mL^-1) 均能显著抑制白花鬼针草幼苗的生长(P<0.05),综合化感效应(SE)均为负值(≤-0.2),抑制强度依次为假臭草(Eupatorium catarium)>胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)>海芋(Alocasia macrorrhiza)>水茄(Solanum torvum)>马缨丹(Lantana camara)>薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)>构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)>南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)>三裂叶薯(Ipomoea triloba)>葛藤(Pueraria lobata)>鸡矢藤(Paederia scandens)>五爪金龙(Ipomoea cairica),其中假臭草叶水浸液浓度仅为0.04 g DW mL^-1时就可以使白花鬼针草死亡。假臭草和胜红蓟的茎水浸液也可以显著抑制白花鬼针草的生长(P<0.05),抑制效果略低于叶水浸液。回归分析表明,假臭草叶水浸液浓度与白花鬼针草的生物量等指标之间有线性回归关系(R²>0.85, P<0.001),随着水浸液浓度的增加,白花鬼针草的生物量等指标下降。防除白花鬼针草时使用假臭草和胜红蓟的茎、叶水浸液, 其有效浓度低且资源丰富,可作为白花鬼针草天然除草剂的主要资源植物。